Fatal error: The system
has become unstable or is busy,” it says. “Enter to return to Windows
or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you
will lose any unsaved information in all open applications.”
You have just been struck by the Blue
Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with
this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it
happening?
1 Hardware conflict
The number one reason why Windows
crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other
devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed
to be unique for each device.
For example, a printer usually connects
internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk
drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.
If there are a lot of devices, or if
they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same
IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a
crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware
conflict is through the following route:
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.
Often if a device has a problem a yellow
‘!’ appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight
Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ
numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two
devices may be using it.
Sometimes a device might share an IRQ
with something described as ‘IRQ holder for PCI steering’. This can be
ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem
device and reinstall it.
Sometimes you may have to find more
recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A
good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a
modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the
motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the
warranty).
When working inside a computer you
should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal
surface to discharge any static electricity.
To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ
numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the
first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only
eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of
them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.
2 Bad Ram
Ram (random-access memory) problems
might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal
Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem.
Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.
But a fatal error caused by Ram might be
caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns)
Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at
the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is
overworked.
One way around this problem is to enter
the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make
it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is
to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out.
Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When
handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be
easily damaged.
Parity error messages also refer to Ram.
Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is
best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.
EMM386 error messages refer to memory
problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free
memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.
3 BIOS settings
Every motherboard is supplied with a
range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way
to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the
first few seconds of a boot-up.
Once inside the BIOS, great care should
be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the
settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something
and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to
revert to.
A common BIOS error concerns the CAS
latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a
CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong
figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer’s display.
Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ
numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the
BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the
BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to ‘yes’ to allow Windows
to do this.).
4 Hard disk drives
After a few weeks, the information on a
hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good
idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk
from causing a screen freeze. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter
This will start the procedure. You will
be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is
defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a
period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.
The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).
Some lockups and screen freezes caused
by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead
optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.
Hard disks will slow down and crash if
they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few
months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive
and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents
(not the folder) can free a lot of space.
Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free
more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or
bad sectors. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk
Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.
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5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors
Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.
These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings
Here you should slide the screen area
bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that
window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.
If the screen freezes or you experience
system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not
have a hardware conflict. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager
Here, select the + beside Display
Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select
it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and
select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No
Conflicts.
If you have video card hardware
conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note
of everything you do in case you make things worse.
The way to resolve a hardware conflict
is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings
button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No
Conflicts message.
Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics
Here you should move the Hardware
Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of
problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver
is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a
device).
Look up your video card’s manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.
6 Viruses
Often the first sign of a virus
infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard
drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to
create a Windows start-up disk. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs
Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.
A virus scanner requires a list of virus
signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures
are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the
website of your antivirus software manufacturer.
An excellent antivirus programme is
McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton
AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).
7 Printers
The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.
Printers have only a small amount of
memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a
document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also
slow down the computer’s performance.
If the printer is trying to print
unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the
computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of
confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the
printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called
a cold boot, will restore the printer’s default settings and you may be
able to carry on.
8 Software
A common cause of computer crash is
faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by
uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall
or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly.
This will also remove references to the programme in the System
Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.
The System Registry can be corrupted by
old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled.
Use RegistryBooster by Uniblue to clean up the System Registry and
remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98
SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows
2000.
Read the instructions and use it
carefully so you don’t do permanent damage to the Registry. If the
Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system.
Reg Cleaner can be obtained from http://www.registrybooster.com/
Often a Windows problem can be resolved
by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see
the message “Starting Windows” press F4. This should take you into Safe
Mode.
Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.
Sometimes installing Windows is
difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN
error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then
try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to
disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn’t work.
Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.
9 Overheating
Central processing units (CPUs) are
usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the
CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of
error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that
have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed
to.
One remedy is to get a bigger better fan
and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are
available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com
CPU problems can often be fixed by
disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine
run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.
10 Power supply problems
With all the new construction going on
around the country the steady supply of electricity has become
disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a
power cut.
If this has become a nuisance for you
then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give
you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you
a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.
It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.
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